Hydrogen

Hydrogen’s role in Net-Zero

Hydrogen is a crucial part of delivering Net-Zero in the downstream sector. It has an important role to play in replacing refinery fuel gas (RFG) as a source of energy in refineries. In addition, it can be sold to power airplanes or vehicles on the ground, or for heating in the UK.

UKPIA is working with stakeholders to ensure the downstream sector has a key role in the future production, distribution and use of low carbon hydrogen in the UK.  Refineries are the largest producers and consumers of hydrogen in the world and UK-based refiners have been working safely with hydrogen for over 60 years.

Rationale for Hydrogen

The importance of low carbon hydrogen in meeting Net-Zero by 2050 is clear from the Climate Change Committee's (CCC) latest report to Parliament: in it we see that hydrogen may have a role in the decarbonisation of various sectors including industry, buildings, and transport, even making mention of the involvement in hydrogen production for Green House Gas (GHG) removals.

How low carbon hydrogen can be made

Hydrogen is not itself an energy source and must be produced using other sources of energy, such as wind or nuclear generated electricity used to split water via electrolysis or from the conversion of hydrocarbon sources (gas reforming). Where the source is from fossil resources, then no carbon benefit is gained unless the carbon is captured such that CO₂ is not released to the atmosphere, a process called Carbon Capture Utilisation & Storage (CCUS). Where the source is biogenic, then conversion to hydrogen with CCUS is a mechanism to remove carbon from the biosphere, known as Bio-Energy Carbon Capture & Storage (BECCS), a form of geoengineering.

Ongoing Projects

The Gigastack and HyNet case studies explored in our Transition Transformation and Innovation Report provide early insights into what the UK refining sector can offer – implementing early hydrogen production projects using electrolysis from renewable electricity and gas reforming with CCUS.

The Gigastack project seeks to use electrolyser technology to produce renewable hydrogen at large-scale

Source Phillips66

HyNet Low Carbon Hydrogen project involves the development and deployment of a 100kNm3/hr hydrogen production and supply facility

Source: Cadent

The projects are focussed on decarbonising refinery hydrogen production, but may develop further through the following options:

• Decarbonisation of heat in industrial clusters with creation of localised hydrogen markets
• Supply of hydrogen for road transport or aviation use
• Supply of hydrogen for decarbonisation of gas networks

Hydrogen production via electrolysis also provides a new option for energy storage and electricity supply management. During periods of lower electricity demand, surplus generation capacity could be used to produce hydrogen for storage to be released into gas networks or for road transport use when required, providing additional flexibility in the energy system. Creating electrofuels (e-fuels) from stored hydrogen may also make sense where losses incurred in production are offset by efficiencies gained in infrastructure and fuel quality.

How hydrogen will be used

The UK with a large gas grid, may be uniquely able to harness hydrogen’s potential for decarbonisation by upgrading existing infrastructure (pipelines and boilers) rather than having to create an entirely new hydrogen transport and transmission system. As with electrification of the power grid through renewables, there is potential for decarbonising the gas supplied via the National Transmission System (NTS) and gas networks if hydrogen is blended into natural gas (NG).

The UK grid will be ready to blend up to 20% hydrogen into gas networks across the country from 2023, according to the Energy Networks Association which estimates that a 20% hydrogen blend in the gas grid would save around 6 million mt/year of CO₂ with CO₂ savings amount to a reduction of around 6%-7%. Replacement of NG by hydrogen is being considered under the Energy Networks Association “Gas Goes Green” project. 

How high blends or 100% hydrogen will be distributed

Today, most hydrogen used is produced at or close to where it is used, typically at large industrial sites, and the infrastructure needed for distributing hydrogen (above 20%) still largely needs to be developed in the UK.

Currently, pure hydrogen may be distributed through three methods.

Pipeline: This is the least-expensive way to deliver large volumes of hydrogen but the capacity is currently limited in the UK, outside of large industrial complexes, with approximately 40km of pipeline.

Cadent are working with HyNet on an industrial hydrogen pipeline distribution system in the North-West[1]. National Grid are studying the potential for a 2000 km hydrogen pipeline system in the UK[2], which will link industrial sites in the first instance.

High-Pressure Tube (HPT): Hydrogen is typically transported in tube trailers in the UK. A typical trailer would be filled to 228 bar and would carry around 300 kg of hydrogen. High-capacity trailers are now available on the market, which could carry 600 kg at 228 bar and 900 kg at 300 bar. There are also 500 bar trailers in development.

Liquefied Hydrogen (LH₂) tankers: Cryogenic liquefaction is a process that cools hydrogen to a temperature where it becomes a liquid. Although the liquefaction process is expensive, it enables hydrogen to be transported more efficiently (compared with high-pressure tube trailers) over longer distances by truck, railcar, ship, or barge.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Distribution Methods for high blend Hydrogen

The table below summarises some of the key advantages and disadvantages

[1] https://cadentgas.com/news-media/news/june-2021/hynet-north-west-%E2%80%93-leading-a-green-recovery

[2] https://pgjonline.com/news/2021/may/national-grid-studying-uk-hydrogen-pipeline-network-potential

Hydrogen in vehicles

As well as its role in decarbonising industry, hydrogen may have a role in reducing transport emissions via its use in fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). Hydrogen fuel cell applications could apply to many modes of modern transport including heavy vehicles such as buses and lorries, rail, marine and critically, aviation.

Hydrogen in light vehicles is technically feasible but wide-spread uptake is unlikely with cheaper electric vehicle options available to the public.

The main advantage of hydrogen-powered transport is a high energy density by mass, which allows greater vehicle storage compared to batteries. Oxidation, the chemical reaction that takes place in a fuel cell, also provides more efficient energy conversion than combustion, while producing only water as the emission. Hydrogen, therefore, has many strengths as a zero-carbon emitting transport energy source when high payload and distance (i.e. for long distance lorries) become important for the consumer.

Safety

The risk management strategy for hydrogen production is the same as all other dangerous substances on a refinery which follows the hierarchy of controls, COMAH regulations and current best industry practice.  In addition, there are specific controls to avoid contaminants which avoids corrosion mechanisms of hydrogen in service.

A wealth of experience

With the infrastructure, skills and expertise that has been developed, UKPIA believes the downstream industry can be a significant contributor to the emerging hydrogen economy – using the experience and scale of the sector to extend the use of low carbon hydrogen and to reduce emissions simultaneously.

For more information:

UKPIA Hydrogen Briefing Note

UKPIA: Transition, Transformation and Innovation